PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PART 1: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1300-1918
CHAPTER 1
THE OTTOMAN HERITAGE: DIVERSITY, INDIVIDUALISM AND DECENTRALIZATION
CHAPTER 2. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND OTTOMAN REFORM,
1600-1908
Ottoman Decline
Traditionalistic Ottoman Reform
Nineteenth Century European Imperialism
Modern Ottoman Reform
Economic Problems
Christian Nationalism and Christian Terrorism
Sultan Abdulhamid II, 1876-1909
The Young Turk Movement
CHAPTER 3. OTTOMAN SECULARISM AND THE GREAT WAR, 1908-
19181
Ottoman Constitutional Democracy, 1908-1912
The Great War and the Collapse of Ottoman Constitutional Democracy,
1910-1923
The Albanian Revolt and the Tripolitanian War, 1910-1911
The Balkan WTars
Secular Reforms
World War I;
PART 2: THE ALLIED OCCUPATION, 1918-1920
CHAPTER 4. THE ARMISTICE OF MONDROS
The Ottoman Military Situation in October 1918
Ottoman Political Changes and Initial Efforts to Achieve Peace
The Mondros Armistice Negotiations
The Original British Proposals-Compared with the Final Mondros
Treaty
Aftermath of the Agreement: Triumph and Treachery
CHAPTER 5. THE OTTOMANS AND THE ALLIED OCCUPATION ....
The Ottoman Government
The Allied Representatives
Istanbul in November 1918
Allied Administration and Police in Istanbul
Istanbul Greeks and Armenians during the Occupation
Politics in Istanbul during the Occupation
The First Damad Ferid Government
Parties Supporting Damad Ferid
Hiirriyet ve Itilaf Firkasi (Liberal Union Party)
Ingiliz Muhibleri Cemiyeti (Friends of England Society)
Nigehban-i Askeri Cemiyeti (Society of Army Watchmen)
Cemiyet-i Miiderrisin (Society of Teachers) and Te'ali-i Islam
(Society to Advance Islam)
Ilayi Vatan Cemiyeti (Exhaltation of the Nation Society)
Tarikat-i Selahiye Cemiyeti/Tarik-i Salah Cemiyeti (Order of
Selah Society)
The Opposition Parties
Ittihad ve Terakki Firkasi (Union and Progress Party)
Teceddiid Firkasi (Renewal Party)
Hiirriyetpei-ver Avam Firkasi (Progressive Peoples' Party)
Milli Kongre (National Congress)
Wilson Prensipleri Dernegi (Society for Wilsonian Principles)
Milli Ahrar Firkasi (National Liberal Party)
Sosyal Demokrat Firkasi (Social Democratic Party)
Tiirkiye Sosyalist Firkasi (Socialist Party of Turkey)
Tiirkiye Isci ve Ciftci Firkasi (Workers and Peasants Party of
Turkey)
Vahdet-i Milliye Heyeti (National Unity Committee)
Ottoman Istanbul and Anatolia during the Allied Occupation
The Refugee Problem
Shortages of Food and Fuel
Famine and Disease
Fires
Public Assistance and Remedies
Resettlement of Refugees and the Resulting Violence
Financial and Economic Difficulties
Popular Life in Occupied Istanbul
Fine Arts and Literature
The Advancement of Ottoman Women
Labor Problems, Socialist Activity, and Popular Unrest
War Crimes Accusations, Investigations, Arrests and Trials
The Turkish Reaction to the Allied Occupauon in Istanbul
The Karakol Cemiyeti (Guard Society)
Popular Protest and Resistance in Istanbul
Mustafa Kemal prepares to lead a Turkish national resistance

PART 2: TURKISH RESISTANCE TO ALLIED OCCUPATION 1918-1920
CHAPTER 6. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE: EFFORTS TO
PARTITION THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE
Conflicting Claims in Eastern Anatolia
Armenian claims
Kurdish claims
Conflicting Claims in Western Anatolia
Greek claims
Italian claims
Russian claims
British claims
Allied Discussions and Proposals and Ottoman Responses
The King-Crane Commission
The Harbord Commission
The First London Conference
CHAPTER 7. OCCUPATION AND INVASION
The Greek Invasion and Turkish Resistance in Thrace
The Greek Invasion of Izmir and Western Anatolia
Greek Preparations and Plotting: The Propaganda of Hysteria
The Turkish Reaction
Preparations for Invasion
The Allied Decision
The Greek Invasion
Greek Atrocities and Allied Condemnation
Expansion of the Greek Occupation Zone
Greek Government in Izmir
Greek Efforts to Create a Pontus State in Northern Anatolia
The French Occupation of Zonguldak and the Black Sea Coast
The Italian Occupation of South Central Anatolia
The Turkish Resistance
Protest Meetings
Assembly of the Sultanate
Turkish Armed Resistance: Defense of Rights Societies and the
Turkish National Forces

CHAPTER 8. UNIFICATION OF THE TURKISH NATIONAL RESISTANCE
Mustafa Kemal takes the Lead
The Amasya Circular
The Erzurum Congress, July 23-August 7, 1919
The Sivas Congress, September 4-September 11, 1919
Aftermath of the Sivas Congress
Turkish Opposition to the Turkish Nationalists
The Ahmed Anzavur Revolts
The Kurdish Dilemma
CHAPTER 9. FROM ISTANBUL TO ANKARA: EMERGENCE OF THE NEW
TURKEY
The Ali Riza Government in Istanbul
Efforts to Reconcile Istanbul and die Kemalists: The Amasya Conference
and its Aftermam
The Ottoman Parliamentary Elecdons of 1919
Emergence of die Ankara Government
The Last Ottoman Chamber of Deputies meets in Istanbul
The Second Allied Occupation of Istanbul
Support for the Turks from India and England
Damad Ferid Pa§a and the Last Ottoman Parliament
CHAPTER 10. THE FRENCli OCCUPATION OF SOUTHEASTERN
ANATOLIA:
The Initial British occupation of Cilicia
The French Occupation
The Armenian Legion
Turkish Militias in Southeastern Anatolia: The Turkish Resistance
The Siege of Maras,
Turkish-French Negotiations
CHAPTER 11. THE RUSSIAN ALLIANCE, BOLSHEVISM AND THE
SOUTHERN CAUCASUS
Conflict in Northeastern Anatolia
Turkish Resistance at Trabzon
Initial Relations with the Russian Bolsheviks: War and Peace in die
Caucasus
Enver Pa§a Joins the Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks and Islam
The Rise of Mustafa Suphi


VOLUME 3: FROM TURKISH RESISTANCE TO TURKISH WAR FOR LIBERATION, 1920-1922-PART 1
CHAPTER 12. THE TURKISH REVOLUTION
Creation of the Grand National Assembly in Ankara
The Government of the Grand National Assembly, 1920-1923
The Cabinet and the Executive
The National Army and Ministry of National Defense
Justice and Security
The Independence Courts
Restrictions on Individual Freedoms
Economic and Financial Policies
Agriculture
Social Programs
Education
Care for Refugees
Health
Labor
Conservatism in Ankara
Intelligence Services
The Hamza / Fellah Group
The National Defen