The study of ij?zah tradition, its history and its impact is somehow neglected by both Muslim and non-Muslim researchers and scholars alike. This significantly unique tradition of the Muslim educational system has a long history as it emerged and developed parallel to Islamic education itself, and was in practice for more than a millennium. However, after adapting the new educational system during the late 19th century and throughout 20th century until the present, the tradition of granting ij?zah drastical

Tombstones have many memories to share about the past. For these reasons, they must be made to speak, and their sayings must be carefully recorded... Known today mainly as a holiday destination, the Aegean town of Bodrum also hosted a small but important Jewish community in its past. This book catalogues the only remaining physical traces of this community in a small, neglected cemetery. Written by Siren Bora and translated and photographed by C. M. Kösemen, this study includes detailed images of all surviv

After the proclamation of the Tanzîmât Edict, the government wanted to re-arrange the city. To this end, the Building and Expropriation Regulations that determined how modern city planning would be made as of 1840 were published. It was clearly stated that the government would base expropriations made to expand roads, allotment of burnt areas again, determination of construction rules, and opening the areas where reconstruction was not allowed to settlement,in essence all new urban development activities on