PHOTOGRAPHS, MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PART 1: THE RISE AND FALL OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE, 1300-1918 CHAPTER 1 THE OTTOMAN HERITAGE: DIVERSITY, INDIVIDUALISM AND DECENTRALIZATION CHAPTER 2. EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM AND OTTOMAN REFORM, 1600-1908 Ottoman Decline Traditionalistic Ottoman Reform Nineteenth Century European Imperialism Modern Ottoman Reform Economic Problems Christian Nationalism and Christian Terrorism Sultan Abdulhamid II, 1876-1909 The Young Turk